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The accumulation of fluid in the anterior chamber due to a blocked angle is characteristic of glaucoma. This condition occurs when the drainage canals of the eye become obstructed, resulting in increased intraocular pressure. In particular, acute angle-closure glaucoma can happen rapidly and is associated with symptoms such as severe eye pain, headache, blurred vision, and halos around lights. The buildup of fluid leads to potential damage to the optic nerve and can result in vision loss if not treated promptly.

Other conditions listed are distinct and do not relate to fluid accumulation in the anterior chamber due to a blocked angle. For example, hyphema involves blood accumulation in the anterior chamber, while mydriasis refers to pupil dilation. Cycloplegia is a temporary paralysis of the ciliary muscle that affects the eye's ability to focus. Thus, the specific mechanisms and pathophysiology surrounding glaucoma accurately reflect the situation described in the question.